TARIXIY TADQIQOTLAR

THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE MONETARY REFORM IMPLEMENTED BY ABDULLAH KHAN II

2026-09-02T07:14:54+08:00

This article examines the specific features, motivations, and historical significance of the monetary reform implemented by Abdullah Khan II in the Bukhara Khanate during the sixteenth century. Drawing on primary sources and numismatic evidence, the study analyzes the impact of Shaybanid political centralization on coinage standards, silver purity, weight measures, and mint operations. The author argues that this reform was not merely an economic adjustment, but a core pillar of state consolidation. The reform successfully standardized monetary circulation, revitalized domestic and international commerce, and strengthened state financial stability throughout Mawara'annahr.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FOUNDATIONS FOR THE REVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED ARTS AND HANDICRAFTS IN UZBEKISTAN

2026-09-02T07:29:51+08:00

The article analyzes, from a historical perspective, the formation of the legal and regulatory foundations for the revival, preservation and development of applied arts and handicrafts in Uzbekistan during the years of independence. It examines legal acts aimed at improving the activities of the “Hunarmand” Association, restoring national craft schools, safeguarding intangible cultural heritage, developing the master-apprentice tradition, and integrating the sector with employment, tourism and education. The study argues that since 2017 support for handicrafts has reached a new level through financial, tax, organizational and educational mechanisms.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE SHAYBANI KHAN PERIOD: THE HISTORY OF THE MUHAMMAD SHAYBANI KHAN MADRASA (MADRASA-YI OLIYA) IN SAMARKAND

2026-09-02T07:35:43+08:00

This article examines the architecture of the Shaybanid period through the case of the Muhammad Shaybani Khan madrasa (Madrasa-yi Oliya, the Khan Madrasa) in Samarkand. Drawing on the waqf document, narrative sources (Ruzbihan, Vasifi, Muhammad Solih, Muhammad Haydar), and modern scholarship (R.G. Mukminova, E.A. Davidovich, V.L. Vyatkin, and others), the article systematically analyzes the madrasa's construction history, its sources of funding, the stages of its construction, its architectural description, and the building's subsequent fate in the 17th–20th centuries.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE SHAYBANID DYNASTY

2026-09-02T07:44:46+08:00

This article examines the historiography of the Shaybanid dynasty (1500–1601), tracing the source base and the successive stages of its study: the classical narrative tradition, Russian-Soviet Oriental studies, Soviet historiography, national historiography of the independence period, and foreign scholarship. It further outlines the methodological principles applicable to contemporary research on the topic and identifies unresolved problems in current historiography.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF LOW-INCOME FAMILIES IN KASHKADARYA REGION DURING THE PERIOD OF NEW UZBEKISTAN

2026-09-02T07:51:35+08:00

The article examines the legal, institutional and practical foundations of social protection of low-income families in Kashkadarya region during the period of New Uzbekistan from a historical and analytical perspective. It argues that social policy has shifted from a general practice of material assistance to a targeted system based on identifying vulnerable families, assessing their social situation, promoting employment, vocational training and creating stable sources of income. Using Kashkadarya region as a case study, the article reveals the interconnection between the Unified Social Protection Register, the Iron Register, neighborhood-based work, Inson social service centers and poverty reduction programs.

MENANDER PROTECTOR'S HISTORY AS A SOURCE FOR EARLY BYZANTINE DIPLOMACY

2026-09-02T08:00:37+08:00

This article examines the significance of the works of the Byzantine diplomat and historian Menander Protector as a source for the study of the history of Byzantine foreign policy and diplomacy. Based on the author's accounts of the journey of Byzantine envoys to the Turkic Khaganate, the study analyzes the methods of Byzantine diplomacy and the procedures of diplomatic protocol and embassy ceremonies. It also evaluates the source-critical characteristics of Menander's writings and their importance in modern historiography.

NATURAL CONDITIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGES IN OXUS DURING THE ENEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGES

2026-09-02T08:06:14+08:00

The article analyzes the natural conditions and climate changes of the Oxus region during the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages on the basis of paleoecological, geomorphological, and climatological research. The author examines how global climatic processes that occurred across Eurasia, particularly the cycles of humidity and aridity during the Holocene, influenced the natural environment of the Oxus lowlands and the southern regions of Central Asia. The study considers hydrological transformations in the basins of the Murghab, Zarafshan, and Balkh rivers, as well as the development of oasis civilizations and the dynamics of human settlements in relation to climatic factors. In addition, the development of agricultural and pastoral economic systems under arid climatic conditions is analyzed through the example of the Oxus Civilization. The author evaluates the interrelationship between climate, environment, and social processes within a comprehensive analytical framework and argues that climate change does not necessarily lead to crises, but may also result in processes of adaptation and transformation in the development of human societies.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE FORMATION OF VIETNAMESE IDENTITY: FROM CHINESE INFLUENCE TO INDEPENDENCE

2026-09-02T08:14:55+08:00

This article examines the main stages in the formation of Vietnamese identity, particularly from the period of Vietnam’s incorporation into the Chinese Empire to the attainment of state independence. Drawing on the works of foreign scholars, the article provides an analysis of the factors that contributed to the preservation of Vietnamese cultural identity. In addition, the study examines the resistance of the Vietnamese ethnic community to external political and cultural influences and analyzes its role in preserving the distinctiveness of Vietnamese cultural identity.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BUKHARA ETHNOTURISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN

2026-09-02T08:24:28+08:00

This article explores the significance of ethnographic tourism in the development of Uzbekistan’s tourism industry, with a special focus on the Bukhara oasis. Bukhara region, renowned for its rich historical and cultural heritage, architectural monuments, traditional handicrafts, and folklore, serves as one of the most prominent tourism centers not only in Uzbekistan but also in Central Asia. The study analyzes the economic, social, and cultural aspects of ethnographic tourism, its potential, and the necessary conditions for its development. In addition, the paper examines the role of government policies, infrastructure improvement, local community participation, and international cooperation in advancing ethnographic tourism in Bukhara.

MODERN TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN NEW UZBEKISTAN: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

2026-09-02T08:36:09+08:00

The article examines modern transformations of the higher education system in the period of New Uzbekistan from a historical and analytical perspective. It analyzes the legal and institutional foundations of reforms, the expansion of higher education institutions, student growth, the rise of the non-state sector, digitalization, internationalization, strengthening of research capacity, and social inclusiveness. Based on official statistics and sectoral materials, the study summarizes the main outcomes of reforms and the challenges that remain.

INTRODUCTION OF NEW RULES AND CHANGES IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CITY OF KARSHI UNDER THE SUBORDINATION OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE TO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2026-09-02T08:41:56+08:00

The article examines the socio-political and socio-economic situation of the city of Karshi and the Karshi beylik as part of the Bukhara Emirate in the first quarter of the 20th century. The article examines the specifics of administrative management, the strengthening of the political and economic influence of the Russian Empire, the activities of the Political Agency, the development of railway and telegraph communications, and the expansion of Russian entrepreneurial presence in the region. Particular attention is paid to problems of the tax system, administrative arbitrariness, corruption, land relations and the deterioration of the material situation of the population. Based on archival materials and historical sources, contradictory consequences of the changes that took place were revealed: the development of individual elements of the infrastructure was accompanied by increased external control, economic dependence, and the persistence of crisis phenomena of the traditional system of governance. It is argued that the combination of internal socio-economic problems of the Bukhara Emirate and the strengthening of Russian political and economic influence contributed to the growth of social tension and public discontent in Karshi. The study reveals the regional specifics of transformation processes in the Bukhara Emirate and clarifies the development of Karshi under the conditions of political dependence and economic transformations of the early 20th century.

THE PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTING TAXES AND LEVIES IN THE CITY OF KARSHI DURING THE FINAL PERIOD OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE (1900–1920)

2026-09-02T08:50:36+08:00

The article examines the socio-political and socio-economic situation of the city of Karshi and the Karshi beylik as part of the Bukhara Emirate in the first quarter of the 20th century. The article examines the specifics of administrative governance, tax policy, the emirate's growing dependence on the Russian Empire, and the influence of Russian political and military structures on the region's public life. Particular attention is paid to the heavy tax burden, administrative arbitrariness, corruption, economic difficulties, the consequences of the First World War and the deterioration of the material situation of the population. Based on archival materials and historical sources, the reasons for the growth of social tension and protest movements in Karshi in 1909, 1914, 1917 and 1919 were identified. It has been established that the combination of internal shortcomings in the Bukhara Emirate's governance system, the strengthening of Russian political and economic influence, the growth of tax and labor duties, unfavorable natural conditions, and the economic crisis contributed to the exacerbation of social discontent. It is shown that the suppression of protests with the participation of Russian troops testified to the close relationship between the emir’s power and Russian military and political support. The research reveals the regional specifics of the crisis processes in the Bukhara Emirate and shows Karshi as one of the centers of social resistance and socio-political transformations of the early 20th century.

THE ACTIVITIES OF CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE AND THEIR ROLE IN ENSURING RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

2026-09-02T08:58:19+08:00

The article examines the activities of Christian denominations in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence and the conditions created for them. Opinions were also expressed about the work done in our country to ensure religious tolerance and freedom of conscience, the legal framework in this area, as well as the environment of mutual respect and solidarity between different religious denominations. The role of Christian denominations in strengthening religious tolerance is also briefly considered.