TARIXIY TADQIQOTLAR

THE FIRST AND LAST UNION BATTLE OF THE SHAYBANIY RULERS – THE BATTLE OF JOM

Abduvoidova R.A. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines the Battle of Jam of 1528, focusing on the participation of the Shaybanid sultans - particularly Keldi Muhammad Sultan and Baroq Khan - as well as the causes and consequences of the conflict. It analyzes the political situation in Mawarannahr and neighboring regions, the confrontation between the Shaybanids and the Safavids, and the religious and military dimensions of the war. Special attention is given to the historical importance of the Battle of Jam, the strategic military errors committed during the battle, the factors that led to the loss of an apparent victory, and its impact on the region’s political stability in subsequent years.

POSSIBILITIES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN RECONSTRUCTING THE EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE MANGHIT DYNASTY RULERS

Abdullayev A.H — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article analyzes the scientific potential of artificial intelligence technologies in reconstructing the external appearance of the Manghit dynasty rulers. It details the functions of artificial intelligence algorithms used in virtually restoring the rulers' appearances based on historical photographs, portraits, pictorial sources, and written descriptions. Additionally, a comparative analysis is made of the specific aspects and effectiveness of artificial intelligence in embodying the appearances of Amir Haydar, Amir Nasrullo, Amir Muzaffar, Amir Abdulahad, and Amir Olimkhon. The research results demonstrate that AI serves as an important scientific tool in reconstructing the appearance of historical figures.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE NEW ECONOMIC (NEP) AND THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE

Adilov A.A. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the religious policy of the Soviet government in Turkestan during the period of the New Economic Policy (1921–1924), its relations with the Muslim population, and its conciliatory as well as ideological approaches toward religion. It also examines the Soviet authorities’ attitude toward religious organizations and clergy, as well as the formation and development of anti-religious propaganda policies.

THE OIL AND FAT INDUSTRY OF UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Babadjanov Kh.B. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article analyzes the structural changes and economic consequences that occurred in the food and specifically oil and fat industries, as well as the agricultural sectors of the Uzbek SSR during the Second World War. Based on archival and statistical data, the author demonstrates that the reduction of cotton cultivation areas to expand food crops under wartime demands failed to yield the anticipated positive results. Instead, this policy triggered a profound crisis within the oil and fat industry due to the substantial decline in the cotton seed raw material base.

STUDY OF WHEAT VARIETIES IN THE UZBEK SSR AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORK

Bahranov Sh.T. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article is devoted to the policy of the Soviet government in the framework of scientific research tasks in the field of agriculture in the Uzbek SSR. The paper analyzes the activities of the state breeding station, in particular, the coordination and direction of scientific research in the field of grain and the study of foothill areas. The study proves that the institute has contributed to increasing grain production, improving its quality and introducing new technologies. The paper also analyzes the problems associated with the activities of this research institute.

SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF IRAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Gabrielyan S.I. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article reveals the history of Iran in the mid-twentieth century, when the country was gripped by a deep economic and political crisis. Against the backdrop of a decline in production and almost total foreign penetration into the country's economy, anti-Western protests by the Iranian people began. The article analyzes the events preceding the crisis of power, when the Majlis, led by its leader Mohammad Mossadegh, proclaimed the beginning of liberal reforms and the nationalization of the oil industry.

ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS IN TURKESTAN DURING THE YEARS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Doroshenko T.I. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article will cover the assistance provided by charitable organizations to World War I prisoners of war in the Turkestan camps. It will primarily focus on the activities of Polish organizations in providing material and humanitarian aid to Polish prisoners of war and refugees. Additionally, it will explore the efforts of various international missions to support Slavic prisoners of war, as they were in a special position within the Russian Empire.

THE PARTICIPATION OF UZBEK WOMEN IN ECONOMIC LIFE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR (A CASE STUDY OF TASHKENT CITY AND TASHKENT REGION)

Ishankhodjaeva Z.R. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the participation of Uzbek women in economic life during the Second World War, their labor activity in industry and agriculture, and their role in production processes. The study highlights the economic transformations that emerged under wartime conditions, the significance of women as a labor force, and their extensive involvement in production activities. In addition, the efficiency of women’s labor in industrial enterprises and agriculture is examined based on historical sources.

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN WATER MANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN

Jabbarova I.Kh. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the institutional reforms implemented in the water management system of the Republic of Uzbekistan after gaining independence. The transformation of the centralized management system inherited from the Soviet era, the transition to the basin management principle, the activities of water consumers' associations, and the issues of digitalization of the sector are highlighted. The practical aspects of modernization of irrigation systems are also examined using the example of the Kashkadarya oasis. The article provides a scientific analysis of the legal foundations, stages of reforms, and achieved results.

TASHKENT RULE DURING THE PERIOD OF SEVINCHIKHOJAKHAN AND KELDI MUHAMMAD KHAN

Kimsanova R.Kh. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines the governance of Tashkent under the reign of Sevinchkhoja Khan and Keldi Muhammad Khan, two prominent figures of the Shaybanid dynasty. The research primarily focuses on the political dynamics and military strategies of the period, providing a scholarly analysis of the administrative significance and geopolitical influence of the Tashkent region within the Shaybanid state framework.

FORMATION OF UZBEK NATIONAL CUISINE AND PILAF TRADITION AS A NATIONAL BRAND

Mamataliyeva A.Yu. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the process of branding Uzbek national cuisine on a global scale, its formation factors, and modern development trends. The research highlights the role of national gastronomy as a crucial factor reflecting folk culture and traditions, while examining the processes of its international promotion. Furthermore, it analyzes the significance of state policy in developing Uzbek national cuisine as a global brand, particularly the decrees and resolutions adopted in recent years. The article also briefly explores the role of national dishes, including the tradition of pilaf (palov), as a cultural heritage, demonstrating its connection to gastronomic tourism, cultural diplomacy, and branding processes. In conclusion, the study provides insights into the effective promotion of Uzbek national cuisine in the international arena and outlines prospective directions for its development as a sustainable gastronomic brand.

STRENGTHENING ATTENTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COTTON CULTIVATION IN TURKESTAN DURING THE PERIOD OF RUSSIAN IMPERIAL RULE

Musayev N.U. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The development of capitalist production in Europe influenced Russia’s industrial growth, where the emerging bourgeoisie initially intensified its focus on the textile industry and, in pursuit of expanding markets and securing sources of raw materials, turned its attention to the markets of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Cotton varieties that were in high demand in the United States were introduced to the region. Following the commissioning of the Turkestan Railway, interest in cotton cultivation and the construction of industrial enterprises increased significantly, resulting in the active penetration of numerous Russian and foreign companies into the region.

SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE OF THE FERGANA VALLEY IN THE 17TH CENTURY AS REFLECTED IN HISTORICAL SOURCES

Musayev A.B. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article examines the reflection of political events of the Ashtarkhanid-era Fergana Valley in written sources. Since the valley served as the eastern frontier of the khanate, information regarding this peripheral region is relatively scarce in the sources. This circumstance can lead to the erroneous conclusion that political processes unfolded exclusively around the central regions. However, the analysis of source data indicates that during the first half of the 17th century, the political life of the valley was highly dynamic and intense.

CLIMATIC FACTORS AND LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT SOCIETIES OF CENTRAL ASIA

Nazarov Kh.A. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the impact of climate change, neotectonic processes, hydrographic dynamics and landscape transformation on the cultural adaptation of ancient societies in Central Asia. Special attention is paid to the ecological conditions of the Pleistocene and Holocene, the spatial distribution of archaeological sites, ancient mining and metallurgical centers, the formation of Neolithic and Bronze Age economic-cultural types, as well as the relationship between the political activity of nomadic societies and paleoclimatic factors. The article interprets the interaction between the natural environment and human activity as an important scientific category for understanding the civilizational processes of Central Asia.

QUESTIONS OF THE AUTOCHTHONY OF UZBEKS IN TURKESTAN

Narbekov A.V. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article is devoted to the scholarly study of the place and role of the Sogdian language in the history of Turkestan. Using scholarly data, the author examines the origins of the Eran languages in Turkestan, the history of the Iranian and Turkic languages in the region, their mutual influence, and their impact on the culture, traditions, and customs of local peoples. He also outlines his perspective on the origins of the Sogdian language.

ON THE COINS DISCOVERED IN THE “JIZMONSOY” MAHALLA CITIZEN ASSEMBLY, KATTAKURGAN DISTRICT, SAMARKAND REGION

Normurodov D. R. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article is devoted to the description and scientific analysis of 11 coins discovered in the “Jizmonsoy” Mahalla Citizens’ Assembly territory of Kattakurgan District, Samarqand Region. The coin assemblage contains specimens from various historical periods and mints. One of them was struck in 1085 by the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1279) in China. The remaining coins were minted in the following years: 526 AH (1132 AD) in Samarqand, 754 AH (1353–1354 AD) in Khwarezm, 785 AH (1383–1384 AD) in Samarqand, 813 AH (1410–1411 AD) in Samarqand, 819 AH (1416–1417 AD), and 823 AH (1420–1421 AD) in Samarqand. The exact minting date and place of three coins could not be determined. This numismatic material serves as an important source for studying coin minting traditions during the Qarakhanid period in the Samarqand region, trade and economic relations between the local population and the Northern Song Empire, monetary policy under the Golden Horde Khan Jonibek, coinage reforms during the reign of Amir Temur and the Timurids (particularly Shahrukh Mirza and Mirzo Ulughbek), as well as the monetary reforms carried out by Muhammad Shaybani Khan to overcome the shortage of coins. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of monetary circulation in Central Asia, inter-state trade relations, and the continuity and changes in coinage policy.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM IN EASTERN BUKHARA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – Early 20th Centuries

Ochildiev F.B., Ochildiev F.B. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article analyzes the governance system in Eastern Bukhara in the second half of the 19^th – early 20^th centuries, the socio-economic and political events in the country, the number of bekdoms and their administrative division, as well as the changes that occurred in them. The study also examines issues such as the role of the bekdoms of Eastern Bukhara in the socio-political life of the Emirate of Bukhara, the geography of Eastern Bukhara, the names by which it is referred to in sources, the deployment of the emir’s and beks’ navkars in the bekdoms, and their number.

NOTE ON SOME FEATURES OF METAL CRAFTS IN THE ANCIENT PERIOD OF THE KHOREZM OASIS

Palvanov H.A. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article discusses certain features of metal craftsmanship in the Ancient Khorezm oasis and examines the processing, types, and characteristics of metal products in the development of craftsmanship in the ancient period of the lower Amu Darya oasis.

THE CLOSED SYSTEM OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR WORKERS: THE ACTIVITIES OF WORKERS' SUPPLY DEPARTMENTS (1941–1945)

Soliev M.M. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the role of Workers' Supply Departments (Otdel Rabochego Snabzheniya – ORS) in providing social support and food supplies to workers in strategic industrial, construction, and transport enterprises during the Second World War (1941–1945). It examines the formation of a centralized and closed distribution system under the conditions of wartime food shortages, investigates their legal and financial status, explores the administrative hierarchy, and evaluates the experience of mobilizing internal resources through auxiliary farms.

POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHWARAZMIAN (ANUSHTEGINID) EMPIRE AND THE ABBASID CALIPHATE (A CASE STUDY OF ATSIZ’S LETTERS)

Tolibjonov A.T. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This study aims to examine the interstate transformations in the Near and Middle East during the first half of the twelfth century, with a specific focus on the diplomatic relations between Khwarazmshah Atsiz and the Abbasid Caliphate, analyzed from the perspective of foreign policy source study. The dynastic struggles for the throne that emerged in the western territories of the Seljuk Empire during the reign of Sultan Sanjar severely impacted regional stability. Under these circumstances, in order to secure its independent political course, the Khwarazmian state sought to utilize the religious and legal authority of Baghdad as a strategic foreign policy instrument. The letters addressed by Atsiz to Caliph al-Muqtafi li-Amr Allah serve as a practical manifestation of these diplomatic maneuvers. The article provides an objective analysis of the content of this correspondence, the correlation between the diplomatic claims advanced within it and historical reality, as well as its role in the process of elevating the state’s prestige.

THE REFLECTION OF LAND-WATER RELATIONS IN TURKESTAN REGION IN THE REPORTS OF THE INSPECTION COMMISSION HEADED BY COUNT K.K. PALEN, MEMBER OF THE SENATE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

Usarov U.A. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article examines the colonial policy pursued by the Russian Empire in Turkestan from the second half of the nineteenth century to the first decade of the twentieth century, particularly its policy regarding land and water relations in the region. It highlights the activities of the inspection commission conducted in Turkestan under the leadership of Count K.K. Palen, a member of the Senate of the Russian Empire, which was tasked with studying and generalizing the condition of land and water relations in the region, based on the materials of this commission.

THE ROLE OF TIMURID-ERA SOURCES IN STUDYING THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN MAVERANNAHR DURING THE 1350s–1370s

Khakimov A.A. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article analyzes the processes of the struggle for power in Transoxiana in 1358-1370, their causes and consequences based on historical sources. The views of Ghiyosiddin Ali, Nizamiddin Shami, Muiniddin Natanzi, Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi, Fasih Khawafi and Ibn Arabshah on the events that took place in these years were studied based on comparative, critical and historical analyses.

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE AND THE KHIVA KHANATE DURING THE REIGN OF EMIR HAYDAR

Kholikulov A.B. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article, based on local sources and the works of historians, examines the diplomatic relations between the Bukhara Emirate and the Khiva Khanate, the contradictions that existed between them, the deterioration of bilateral relations associated with the Afghan prince Mahmud, the restoration of diplomatic ties during the reign of Emir Haydar on the occasion of his son's wedding, as well as the supply of weapons to Khiva by the Bukharans.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHEMICAL WORKERS’ TOWN OF CHIRCHIK

Kholikulova Sh.B. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation and development of the “chemical workers’ town” in the city of Chirchik, which emerged on the basis of the chemical industry. Particular attention is paid to the socio-economic, demographic, and urban planning characteristics of this process. The study also examines in detail the step-by-step development of the city’s master plans, the interrelated growth of industrial and residential areas, and the features of urbanization processes. The article further highlights the impact of the evacuation of population and industrial enterprises during World War II on the transformation of the city’s development plans. It analyzes the changes that occurred in the urban structure under the influence of these historical factors.

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPARLIAMENTARY RELATIONS BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND TURKEY IN 2017-2026

Yuldasheva Sh.Yu. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the main stages of the development of parliamentary relations between Uzbekistan and Turkey in the period from 2017 to 2026. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that during this period parliamentary diplomacy has transformed from a formal feature of interstate relations into an effective tool for implementing foreign policy and protecting national interests. The qualitative transition in the relationship is studied in detail: from the initial resumption of political trust to reaching the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership. The article analyzes in detail the regulatory framework of cooperation, including the Resolution “On the approval of the Concept of Parliamentary Diplomacy of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, which became the basis for the systematization of the activities of legislative bodies.

Based on an in-depth study of official documents (including resolutions of the Oliy Majlis and laws on ratification of bilateral agreements), the article identifies and characterizes three historical stages of the evolution of relations. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of practical cooperation: the work of inter-parliamentary friendship groups, the activities of specialized committees for monitoring roadmaps and cooperation within multilateral structures such as TurkPA.

THE BEGINNING OF REFORMS IN THE COUNTRY'S AGRICULTURE AND ITS PROBLEMS

Yunusova Kh.E. — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0800

The article analyzes the historical stages of reforms in the agricultural sector of the USSR in the second half of the 20th century and their economic efficiency. The processes of land reclamation and mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture, as well as the aspects of the administrative-command system that hindered the success of reforms, are also covered in historical sources. The article formulates conclusions on the causes of the systemic crisis in agrarian policy and its impact on the economy of the union. The article is devoted to the history of reforms carried out in the field of Agriculture of the Soviet period of our country on the basis of archival documents, scientific research of foreign and domestic researchers, monographs, brochures in the foundations of the National State Archive of Uzbekistan and contains thematic material.