THE PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTING TAXES AND LEVIES IN THE CITY OF KARSHI DURING THE FINAL PERIOD OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE (1900–1920)

Abstract

The article examines the socio-political and socio-economic situation of the city of Karshi and the Karshi beylik as part of the Bukhara Emirate in the first quarter of the 20th century. The article examines the specifics of administrative governance, tax policy, the emirate's growing dependence on the Russian Empire, and the influence of Russian political and military structures on the region's public life. Particular attention is paid to the heavy tax burden, administrative arbitrariness, corruption, economic difficulties, the consequences of the First World War and the deterioration of the material situation of the population. Based on archival materials and historical sources, the reasons for the growth of social tension and protest movements in Karshi in 1909, 1914, 1917 and 1919 were identified. It has been established that the combination of internal shortcomings in the Bukhara Emirate's governance system, the strengthening of Russian political and economic influence, the growth of tax and labor duties, unfavorable natural conditions, and the economic crisis contributed to the exacerbation of social discontent. It is shown that the suppression of protests with the participation of Russian troops testified to the close relationship between the emir’s power and Russian military and political support. The research reveals the regional specifics of the crisis processes in the Bukhara Emirate and shows Karshi as one of the centers of social resistance and socio-political transformations of the early 20th century.